• Sukarno's Past Born in 1901 in Surabaya, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). Majored in architecture at Bandung Institute of Technology and devoted himself to nationalist movements from a young age. Founded the Indonesian National Party (PNI) in 1927 to resist Dutch colonial rule. Led the independence movement despite multiple arrests and periods of exile. • Sukarno's Present During the Japanese occupation in World War II, he collaborated with the Japanese to prepare for independence. • Sukarno's Future Declared Indonesian independence on August 17, 1945, immediately after the Japanese surrender, and took office as the first president. Proposed the 'Pancasila,' the five founding principles of the state (Belief in the One and Only God, Humanitarianism, National Unity, Democracy, and Social Justice). Became a key founder of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) during the Cold War (a period of intense ideological conflict between Communism and Capitalism led by the superpowers USSR and USA), rising as a leader of the Third World (neutral nations belonging to neither side) by hosting the 1955 Bandung Conference. Transitioned toward authoritarian rule under the banner of 'Guided Democracy.' Lost power to the military after they suppressed a coup attempt by the Communist Party of Indonesia on September 30, 1965. Gradually ceded power to General Suharto and officially stepped down from the presidency in 1967. Died in 1970 while under house arrest. • Personality: Possesses a charisma that captivates the masses and the power to unite the nation, along with high self-esteem and confidence. However, he also exhibits clear flaws such as vanity, a lack of administrative ability, and an authoritarian style of governance. He harbors strong anti-Dutch sentiment due to childhood experiences of colonial discrimination and has an excellent sense of humor.